Tabiati zinda az sistemai murakkabi zina ba zina tashakku- lyofta iborat ast, ki on dar ravandi evolyutsiyai nihoyat duru da- roz ba vujud omadaast. (rasmi 4). Olimon dar asosi nishonahoi hayot chand zinai tashakkuli materiyai zindaro judo kardaand: molekulavi, hujayragi, boftagi, uzvi, organizmi, populyatsiyayu namudi, biogeosenozi, biosferagi.
Molekulavy – genetiky. Har yak organizmi zinda, chi qadare ki murakkab naboshad, zinai tasiri baynihamii makromoleku- lahoi biologiro az sar meguzaronad; kislotahoi nukleinat, sa- feda, polisakharidho va digar moddahoi muhimmi organiki, yane ravandhoi asosii faoliyati hayotii organizm az hamin zinai makromolekulahoi biologi (molekulahoi kalon) ogoz meyoband.
Zinai molekulaviro zinai nakhustin yo avvalini hayot meno- mand. Organizmi zinda az molekulahoi moddahoi organiki – sa- feda, kislotahoi nukleinat, angishtob, charb (lipidho) iborat buda, onho dar hujayra joygirand va az hamin sabab molekulahoi biologi nom giriftaand. Ahamiyati in payvastahoi biologi dar sabzishu afzoishi organizmho, nigohdori, az nasl ba nasl guzaro- nidani akhbori irsi, mubodilai moddaho va tabdilyobii energiya dar hujayra kalon ast.
Payvastahoi organikie, ki dar tarkibi hujayrai organizmhoi zinda mavjudand, polimerhoi biology yo biopolimerho nomida me- shavand.
Tabdilyobii hama navhoi energiya va mubodilai moddaho dar hujayra mahz dar zinai molekulavi ba amal meoyad. Mekhanizmi chunin ravandho baroi hamai organizmhoi zinda umumi ast.
Hangomi omuzishi zinai molekulavi, ravandi paydoishi hayot va evolyutsiyai on dar ruyi Zamin malum shuda, asosi molekula- vii irsiyat, ravandi mubodilai moddaho dar organizmi zinda mu- ayyan karda meshavad. Molekulahoi biologi mavodde meboshand, ki az onho zinai digari hayot – hujayraho paydo megardand.
Hujayragi. Hamai mavjudoti zindai ruyi Zamin (gayri vi- rusho) az hujayraho iboratand. Onho yakhujayra (bakteriyaho, baze obsabzho, sodatarinho) va serhujayra meshavand.
Hujayra vohidi khurdtarin, unsuri afzoish va inkishofi tamomi mavjudoti zindai ruyi Zamin meboshad. Hujayrahoi uzvhoi gunoguni hayvonot, rustani, zanburugho zohiran az ham- digar farq dorand. Aslan, bayni neyronhoi magzi sari inson, hujayrahoi hidra, infuzoriya va hujayrahoi bargi chinor chi guna umumiyate hast? Bo vujudi in, bayni onho va hamai hujayrahoi digar monandi nisbat ba tafovut khele ziyodtar meboshad. SHakli hayoti behujayragi vujud nadorad, mavjud budani virusho daleli in guftahost, zero onho qobiliyati zinda budanashonro faqat dar hujayrai zinda zohir mekunand. Az hujayrahoi bo ham monand bofta hosil meshavad.
Boftagy. Boftaho az majmui hujayrahoi sokhtorashon monand va moddahoi baynihujayravi iborat buda, baroi ijroi vazifai umumi muttahid shudaand. Az boftaho in yo on uzv paydo meshavad.
Uzvy. CHand nav boftae, ki az jihati sokht va vazifa bo ham muttahid shudaand, uzv nomida meshavand. Masalan, pusti inson chun uzv az epiteliya va boftai payvastkunanda iborat buda, dar yakjoyagi chand vazifaro ijro mekunad. YAke az in vazifaho – muho- fizat meboshad.
Organizmy. Organizm sistemai butuni zindai yakhujayra yo serhujayra ast va qobiliyati mustaqilona vujud doshtanro dorad. Organizmi serhujayra az majmui boftayu uzvho hosil shuda, baroi ijroi vazifahoi gunogun mutobiq shudaast. YAne dar organizmi serhujayra taqsimoti vazifa dar bayni uzvhoi organizm ba amal omada, yake az sababhoi vase pahnshavii on dar tabiat gardidaast.
Populyatsiyayu namudy. Majmui organizmho yo fardhoi yak na- mud, ki joyi zistashon umumi ast, populyatsiya nom dorad. Popu- lyatsiya sistemai az organizm yak zina bolo meboshad. Dar on tab- dilyobihoi oditarin yo khurdtarini evolyutsioni ba amal meoyand.
Biogeosenozi. Majmui organizmhoi mukhtalifi az jihati ta- shakkul gunogunro dar yakjoyagi bo hama omilhoi mushakhkhasi muhi- ti zist (qabathoi atmosfera, gidrosfera va litosfera) biogeose- noz menomand.
Ba on moddahoi gayriorganiki va organiki, organizmhoi au- totrofi va geterotrofi dokhil meshavand. Vazifai asosii bioge- osenoz jamkuni yo gunkuni (akkumulyatsiya) va dubora taqsim kar- dani energiya ast.
Biogeosenozho dar majmu biosferai sayyoraamonro tashkil medihand.
Biosfera. Biosfera zinai balandtarini tashakkuli hayot dar ruyi Zamin ast. Dar biosfera organizmhoi zinda va moddahoi gay- rizinda vujud dorand. Biomassai organizmhoi zindai ruyi Zamin ba 2,5kh1012 t barobar buda, 99,2 % onro rustanihoi sabz tashkil medihand. Gardishi moddaho va tabdili energiyae, ki ba faoliya- ti hayotii mavjudoti zindai ruyi Zamin vobasta ast, dar biosfera ba amal meoyad. Hamin tavr, qabati zamin (khushki, ob va fazoi ha- voi onro ihota kardae), ki dar on mavjudoti zinda sukunat dorad, biosfera nomida meshavad. Ba tavri digar guem, biosfera qabati hayot ast. Tarkibi biosfera va khosiyathoi asosii onro tasiri mu- taqobilai omilhoi abiotiki va biotiki muayyan mesozad.
Biosfera sistemai tom va murakkab buda, tavassuti qonunhoi dokhilii khud va dar zeri tasiri quvvai beruna, az jumla, kayhon, inkishof meyobad.
Biosfera mahsuli evolyutsiyai duru darozi Zamin ast. Mavjudoti zinda dar inkishofi sayyoraamon ahamiyati khele ka- lon dorand. Ba chunin khulosa akademiki rus V.I.Vernadskiy pas az tadqiqi tarkib va evolyutsiyai qishri Zamin omadaast. U isbot kard, ki evolyutsiyai qabathoi Zamin va tarkibi onhoro faqat bo omilhoi geologi, yane be nazardoshti naqshi mavjudoti zinda dar hosil shudani qabathoi zamin muqarrar namudan gayriimkon ast.
Az ruyi aqidai olimi digari rus V.V.Dokuchaev yake az na- tijahoi muhimtarini faoliyati organizmhoi zinda paydo shu- dani qabati hosilkhezi khok meboshad. Hok dar natijai tasiri mutaqobilai omilhoi abiotiki (mineralho, iqlim) va omilhoi biotiki (bakteriyaho va obsabzhoi siani) ba vujud omadaast.
Biosferaro metavon bo moshini azime qiyos kard, ki kori on ba yak omili asosi – energiya vobastagi dorad: dar surati nabuda- ni energiya hama yakbora az kor memonand. Dar biosfera manbai asosii energiya nurhoi Oftob meboshand.
Organizmhoi zinda na faqat az nuri Oftob vobastagi do- rand, balki khud jamsozandai azim va tabdildihandai behamtoi hamin energiya niz meboshand.
Savolho baroi sanjish:
- Molekulahoi organiki gufta chiro menomand va naqshi onho dar tamini ravandi mubodilai moddaho az chi iborat ast?
- Tafovuti asosii hujayrai organizmhoi zindae, ki ba saltanathoi mukhtalifi tabii dokhil meshavand, dar chist?
- Mohiyati metodhoi tadqiqotii sitologi, gistologi va anatomii materiyai zinda dar chist?
- Biogeosenoz gufta chiro menomand?
- Biosferaro chi guna sharh dodan mumkin ast?
- Dar biosfera kadom ravandhoi mubodilai moddaho meguzarad? Ahamiyati onho baroi organizmhoi zindai sayyoraamon dar chist?
- Payvastahoi gayriorganiki – elementho, moddahoi soda va murakkabi az onho hosilshuda, ki dar tabiati gayrizinda vo- mekhurand.
- Payvastahoi organiki – payvastahoi karbon bo digar ele- mentho, ki dar organizmhoi zinda ba nazar merasand.
- Biopolimerho – payvastahoi kalonmolekulai organikie, ki monomerashon (yak juzashon) molekulahoi sodatari organiki meboshand.
- Hujayra – vohidi tarkibi va vohidi inkishofi tamomi or- ganizmhoi zinda.
- Bofta – majmui hujayrahoi az jihati sokht bo ham monand va moddai baynihujayragi doshta meboshad.
- Uzv – majmui boftahoe, ki baroi ijroi vazifai muayyan makhsus shudaand.
- Sistemai biologi – obekthoi biologii darajai murakka- biashon gunogun.
Savolhoi testi:
- Sokht va khususiyathoi moddahoi organikii az jihati biologi muhim, naqshi onho dar ravandi mubodilai moddaho, nigohdori va gu- zaronidani akhbori irsi dar kadom darajai tashakkulyobii hayot omukhta meshavad?
A) dar darajai hujayravi; V) dar darajai boftavi; S) dar darajai uzvi; ^) dar darajai molekulavi.
- Dar kadom darajai tashakkulyobii hayot sokhti organizmhoi hujay- ravi va ravandhoi dar onho guzaranda omukhta meshavand?
A) dar darajai hujayravi; V) dar darajai boftavi; S) dar darajai uzvi; ^) dar darajai organizmi.
- Hususiyathoi khosi makhsusgardii hujayraho ba boftaho dar kadom darajai tashakkulyobii hayot tadqiq karda meshavand?
A) dar darajai hujayravi; V) dar darajai boftavi; S) dar darajai uzvi; ^) dar darajai organizmi.
- Omuzishi khususiyathoi sokhtori va funksionalii uzvho va sistemai uzvhoi organizm dar kadom darajai tashakkulyobii hayot ba amal ovarda meshavad?
A) dar darajai hujayravi; V) dar darajai boftavi; S) dar darajai uzvi; ^) dar darajai organizmi.
- Kadom darajai tashakkulyobii hayot dar khud mazmuni omuzishi ra- vandhoi faoliyati hayotii organizmi tomro muttahid gardonidaast?
A) darajai hujayravi; V) darajai boftavi; S) darajai uzvi; ^) da- rajai organizmi.
- Qonuniyathoi munosibathoi tarafayn dokhilinamudi, ekologiya va evolyutsiyai namud, dar kadom darajai tashakkulyobii hayot omukhta mesha- vand?
A) dar darajai hujayravi; V) dar darajai boftavi; S) dar darajai uzvi; ^) dar darajai populyatsioni – namudi.
- Dar kadom darajai tashakkulyobii hayot qonuniyathoi munosibathoi tarafayni bayninamudi dar jamoaho, tasiri mutaqobilai organizmho va muhiti zist az khud karda meshavand?
A) dar darajai hujayravi; V) dar darajai biosenotiki; S) dar da- rajai uzvi; ^) dar darajai organizmi.
- Kadom darajai tashakkulyobii hayot dar ruyi zamin darajai olita- rin mahsub yofta, dar on qonuniyathoi ba tabiati zinda khos, girdgardi- shi moddaho dar tabiat va tabdili energiya dar ruyi zamin tadqiq karda meshavand?
A) darajai hujayravi; V) darajai biosenotiki; S) darajai biosfe- ravi; ^) darajai organizmi.