Илмхона Комрон.инфо
Zuhuri gen ba tasiri genhoi digar vobasta ast. Az in jihat inikosi gen dar shakli alomat ba muhiti genotipi robita dorad. Az tarafi digar, zuhuroti alomatho ba sistemai tanzimi organizmho, az jumla ba gadudhoi usorai dokhili (endokrini), vobastagi dorad.
CHunin alomatho, ba monandi rangi jilodori pari khurus, toji kalon, tarzi faryod va tembri ovoz, ba gormonhoi jinsii narina vobastaand. Agar ba khurus gormoni jinsii modina guzaronem, genhoi on ba kor daromada, dar jigar safedae sintez meshavad, ki dar tarkibi zardii hujayratukhm vujud dorad. Dar holati mutadil chunin genho faqat dar jinsi modina faoliyat menamoyand.
Hamin tariq, muhiti dokhilii organizm dar zuhuri genho dar shakli alomatho tasiri khele kalon dorad. Har organizm dar muhiti muayyan hayot guzaronida, tasiri omilhoi beruna, masa- lan, tagyiryobii harorat, rushnoi, namnoki, miqdor va sifati khurok, inchunin tasiri tarafho bo digar organizmhoro his mekunad.
In omilho metavonand alomathoi morfologi va fiziologii organizmro tagyir dihand, yane onho tagyiroti fenotipiand.
Hulosa, tasiri omilhoi beruni dar rafti inkishofi fardii organizmhoi zinda dar jinshoi gunogun hissai khudro meguzorand. Az in lihoz, omukhtani in omilho zarur ast.
Rasmi 1.7. Tagyiroti fenotipii rangi muinai khargushoni himoloi zeri tasiri harorati gunogun (ezoh Dar matn).
Agar muinai safedi khargushoni himoloiro (rasmi 1.7; A.) taroshem va khudi onhoro dar joyi khunuk nigoh dorem, yo onhoro bo lattai tari yakhnok pechonem (rasmi 1.7; V.), muinai siyoh mesabzad. Agar muinai siyohro taroshida, khargushhoro bo lattai garm pecho- nem, boz muinai safed mesabzad.
Rasmi 1.8. Nayzabarg.
– shaklhoi gunoguni barghoi az ob berun;- – barghoi boloi ob,
- – barghoi zeri ob.
Agar khargushoni himoloy dar harorati 30°S parvarish yoband, pashmashon safed meshavad. Lekin nasli du khargushi himoloii safed dar sharoiti mutadil rangi muqarrarii ba onho khosro paydo mekunand. In daleli on ast, ki rangi muinai navruyida ba harorat vobasta meboshad.
Hamin tariq, zeri tasiri omilhoi beruna tagyir yoftani alomatho gayriirsi buda, az nasl ba nasl nameguzarad.
Gunogunshaklii fenotipro, ki zeri tasiri omilhoi beruna paydo meshavad, tagyirpazirii modifikatsioni menomand.
Boz yak khususiyati tagyirpaziriro, ki ba muhiti beruna vobasta ast, dar misoli bargi nayzabarg va chinorak dida mebaroem. Bargi rustanii nayzabarg (rasmi 1.8) yo chinorak (rasmi 1.9) shaklhoi gunogun doshta, ba muhiti joygirshavi vobasta ast. Barghoi zeriobii nayzabarg darozi borik buda, barghoi chinorak khurdi burrishnokand. Nurhoi ultrabunafsh niz ba inson chunin tasir merasonand. Agar onho albinos naboshand, pas az sababi jam shudani pigmenti granul melanin gandumrang meshavand, vale darajai gandumrangi yakkhela nest. Hamin tavr, ba tasiri omilhoi muayyani beruni har namudi organizm aksulamali makhsus (dar shakli alomat) zohir namuda, baroi hamai fardhoi hamon namud khos ast. Az in jost, ki CH. Darvin tagyirpazirii gayriirsiro tagyirpazirii guruhi yo muayyan nomid. Boyad guft, ki tagyirpazirii alomatho zeri tasiri muhiti beruni beokhir nest. Agar zuhuroti in yo on alomatro dar guruhi organizmho dida baroem, malum meshavad, ki darajai on baroi har fard gunogun ast. Lekin aksari fardho doroi hisobi miyonai in alomatho va khosiyatho meboshand. Fardhoe, ki az hisobi miyonai alomat farq mekunand (yane az du taraf joygirand), zina ba zina kam meshavand. Darajai mahdudiyat yo andozai tagyiroti alomat, yo ba iborai digar haddi tagyirpazirii modifikatsiyaviro meyori reaksiya menomand (rasmi 1.10). Doirai meyori reaksiya ba genotip va ahamiyatnokii alomat baroi hayoti organizmho vobasta buda, ba shakli intikhobi tabii taalluq dorad.
Mahdudiyati tangi meyori reaksiya faqat baroi chunin alomatho, ba monandi andozai dil, magzi sar,
guruhi khun, rangi muyho dar odam, baroi hasharoti gardoludsozandai rustaniho shakl va andozai gulho khos ast. Lekin miqdori ravgan (charb) va digar alomathoi miqdori dar organizmi shirkhurho tagyiryobanda buda, meyori reaksiyai farokh dorand. Hamin tavr, doirai tagyiryobii andozai bargi rustaniho niz vase ast
Rasmi 1.10. Hati kaji meyori reaksiya: a-b – hadhoi tagyirpazirii moDifikatsioni, v – meyori miyona.
Tagyirpazirii modifikatsioni doroi chunin khususiyatho ast: 1 – gayriirsi, 2 – tarzi tagyiryobii guruhi, 3 – nisbat ba ta- siri muhit tagyir yoftan, 4 – ba genotip vobasta budani meyori tagyiryobi (yane sarfi nazar az monandii jarayoni tagyirpazirii umumi baroi organizmhoi alohida tagyirotho gunogun mesha- vand).
