Biologiya

In guna bemoriho bo tagyiryobii miq- dori khromosomaho yo mutatsiyai genomi va yo sokhtori khromosomi vobasta buda, mutatsiyai khromosomi nom dorand. Az soli 1956 malum gardid, ki dar har yak hujayrai mutadili odam 46 khromo- soma joy dorad. Holo boshad, az tarafi komissiyai makhsusi bay- nalmilali hamai khromosomai odam raqamguzori …

Dar zamoni hozira dar chamiyati insoni khonadorshavii khe- shoni nazdik kam shuda istodaast, lekin dar baze nohiyaho in amal mushohida meshavad, ki ba mavqei geografi, ichtimoi, iqti- sodi yo digar sababho ba monandi mahdudshavii nufuzi vobasta ast. CHunonki malum ast, mutatsiyaho dar organizmi inson doimo paydo meshavand va 10%-i gametaho …

TADQIQOTI SHOYON DAR INKISHOFI BIOLOGIYA 384 -322 to milod Arastu dar in solho nazariyai zina ba zina inkishof yof- tani olami zindaro gufta guzasht va yak qator aqidahoi tabiiyu ilmiro peshnihod namud. Arastu ba chunin khulosa omad, ki olami zinda az tabi- ati gayrizinda bo tasiri quvvai ilohy – entelikhiya …

In usul imkon medihad, ki joy va khusu- siyati mutatsiyai paydoshuda dar in yo on safedai ba mutatsiya duchorshuda muayyan karda shavad. Misol, mutatsiyai nuqsonii dosmonand, eritrosithoi barandai oksigen, ki shakli hilolro paydo mekunand. Dar in molekulai kalon tanho dar joyi shashum ba joyi aminokislotai lizin valin joygir shudaast, ki …

Bemorihoi geni ba genhoi alohida vobasta buda, sokhtori genro tagyir medihand, ki on ba giriftorshavi ba nuqsonihoi gunogun ovarda merasonad. Baze az in bemoriho bo rohi auto- somii dominanti meguzarand, yane geni onho dar khromosomahoi autosomi joygir ast. Misol, nuqsoni kutoh budani angushton bo rohi dominanti autosomi ba meros meguzarad, …

Mendel dar tajriba merosguzorii tanho haft juft aloma- ti nakhudro dida baromad. Badan bisyor tadqiqotchiyon merosgu- zorii jufti alomathoi gunoguni organizmhoi digarro omukhta, qonunhoi Mendelro tatbiq namudand. In qonunho baroi hamai organizmhoi bo rohi jinsi afzoishkunanda khossand. Badtar malum gardid, ki dar nakhudi khushbuy du alomat, yane shakli gard va …

Masalai inkishof va paydoishi farki jinsi, mekhanizmi muayyan kardani jins, nigoh doshtani tanosubi muayyani jinsi dar guruhhoi organizmi hayvon na fakat ahamiyati nazariyavii biologi, balki ahamiyati amali niz dorad. Alalkhusus, bo rohi suni tanzim kardani jins baroi kisho- varzi manfiat meorad. Jins dar bisyor hayvonot dar ayyomi bor- dorshavi muayyan …

Genho asosi strukturI va funksionalii hissai irsiyatro tashkil mekunand. Az misolhoi dar bolo zikrshuda malum gar- did, ki genho hissachai alohida buda, har yake az onho yagon alomatro muayyan mekunand va ba hamdigar vobastagI nadorand. Az in lihoz, chunin fikr ba miyon omadanash mumkin ast, ki guyo genotip majmui mekhanikI …

Bisyor misolho malumand, ki yak gen bo genhoi digari gayri- allely yo ba ehtimoliyati zohirshavii khudi gen tasir mekunad. Misoli tasiri tarafayni du jufti genho in merosguzorii shakli toji baze murgon meboshad. Dar natijai omezish (kom- binatsiya)-i gunoguni in genho chor shakli toj paydo meshavad (rasmi 9.6.). Dar nakhudi khushbuyi …

Odam mahsuli biosfera ba hisob meravad, binobar in, ha- mai qonuniyathoi genetiki, ki baroi digar organizmhoi zinda khossand, ba odam ham taalluq dorand. Albatta, inson ham tobei qonuniyathoi genetiki va ham ichtimoi meboshad, lekin hangomi omukhtani organizm, odam hamchun mavoddi genetikii on doroi khosiyathoi makhsus buda, bo baze mushkiliho va …